He was known and quoted in the colonies of the New World for his theology more than Calvin and Luther combined. William Ames was born in 1567 at Ipswich in Suffolk, that region east of Anglia where Puritanism had first "begun", and where the persecution of the crown was least effective.  His father was a merchant who was sympathetic to the Puritan cause; his mother was a relative of later colonist Pilgrims of Plymouth, Massachusetts.  Both his parents died, and William was taken in by his uncle, Robert Snelling of Oxford, who took William into his home, and with understanding and generosity saw to his needs and education.

    Ames chose the center of Puritan learning, Cambridge University, over Oxford for his higher education.   Cambridge was dominated during Elizabethan and Jacobean time by the teaching and preaching of Thomas Cartwright (1535-1603), William Perkins (1558-1602), and John Preston (1587-1628).   Ames had the good providence to become close to William Perkins, and their relationship not only grew as teacher/student, but also as friends.

     Ames received his A.B. degree in 1607 and was promptly invited to become a fellow (professor) of Christ's College.  He was even in the running for the mastership of the college as a successor to Edmund Barwell in 1609.  But higher authorities in state and established church interfered to prevent the election of such a strong nonconformist candidate.  Ames refused to wear vestments, and he spoke out against the sign of the cross administered during baptism and other ceremonies. Another candidate was chosen, and in the eyes of Ames and other Puritans, the college status deteriorated.   Ames withdrew his fellowship, and never returned again to English Academia.

    Ames made the transition from being a fellow to taking up the pastorate, but it was not long afterward that persecution began to intensify under the reign of James I and Archbishop Bancroft.  Particularly, Ames was sought after since he had translated William Bradshaw's treatise "English Puritanism" which set forth in hard terms the nonconformist views.  Ames made a decision to leave England and go to Holland. 

     Ames arrived in Holland in 1610 to begin a new life that would bring him fame, conflict, the death of his first wife, financial insecurity, continued interference from English authorities, and his own death at age 57.

     During the first years of exile, Ames supported himself by offering his ministerial services to one of the several large communities of Englishmen living in the Netherlands. Ever since the Marian persecution of the 1550's, English nonconformist ministers in exile had always been able to find professional employment, although usually at a bare substance level.  Supported by Colonel Horatio Vere, a Puritan sympathizer, Ames succeeded John Burgess in 1611 (same year as the KJV version was published for the second time) as chaplain to the British community at The Hague.  Ames courted Burgess' daughter and married her, but she died soon after and left him childless.  The long arm of bishop and king reached across the North Sea and Vere was forced to dismiss Ames in 1618.   His professional life continued to be precarious until  until his appointment to a professorship at the young University of Franeker in north Holland.  Although his recommendation in 1619 by the Synod of South Holland was enthusiastically received by the trustees of the new Friesland University, Ames was not able to deliver his inaugural address until 1622.  The English authorities spared no effort to prevent his taking the post and would likely had been successful if it had not been for the direct intervention of the Dutch Prince Moritz.

     Despite this array of personal misfortune and difficulty, Ames voice was still one of the most influential in the theological development of the Puritan and Reformed churches in England and the Netherlands. From discussion of church polity with John Robinson, he turned to dispute with continental theologians.  The points of argument were all related to Arminianism, the great theological heresy of the seventeenth century.   Very soon after his arrival in Holland, Ames was enlisted on the side of the orthodox party which was standing its ground against the position of the late Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609).  The Arminians, or Remonstrants as they were better known opposed the "rigid" Calvinism of the Dutch Reformed churches--a "rigidity" also shared among the English Puritans.  The Remonstrants argued two main points: that the human will played a significant, if not a controlling role in salvation and that Christ died for all men, not just the elect.   On the second point, Arminius had made a special attack on theory of predestination held by William Perkins, Ames' respective Cambridge tutor.  Ames did battle in several tracts with Jan Uitenbogaert, Simon Episcopius, and especially Nicolaas Grevinchoven, an influential Remonstrant minister in Rotterdam.  The "Coronis ad collationem Hagiensem", or "A Finishing Touch to the Hague Conference", published in 1618 as a strong affirmation of the orthodox ministers, presented forcefully the Amesian answer to the Remonstrants.  In the winter of 1618-1619 the whole Arminian conflict came to a climax during the Synod of Dort to which Reformed theologians came from England, Holland, France, Switzerland and Germany.  Ames served as a consultant to the moderator of the Synod, which finally condemned Arminian theology.

    Ames was thought to be some sort of giant killer in theological debate.  What disturbed him about the Remonstrants was their failure to give the sovereignty and working power of God a primary place in theology; they had, in his mind, placed the Almighty at the beck and call of man.  For this they surely deserved censure.

      Ames began his work as professor of theology at Franeker happily in 1622.  These were his most productive years.  During the span of years he taught at this University, he continued to  write against the Arminian crisis, though he was sympathetic to those who were being led astray by false doctrine.   Late in the 1620's he decided he should leave the University for the New World.  Ames had received correspondence from his friends in the New World to join them and endeavor there as a pastor, teacher, school or academy head.  But William Ames was never to sail for New England.  He, instead, ended up in Rotterdam in 1632 to answer a call from an Independent congregation as co-minister with his friend Hugh Peter.     The church planned to open a school, having Ames as their head master.   But in 1633 the River Maas flooded and the homes of the church members, as well as Ames.  Ames was exposed to cold water and cold air and contracted a high fever which his weakened heart could not stand.  Medicine and doctors were of no avail; his family and friends watch his courageous spirit endure to the end which was just a few days later.

     Thus, he who was the greatest influence on early America never arrived there.  He may have been the first president of Harvard, instead of Thomas Shepherd, but "come what may" were not part of God's ordained plan for his life.  According to Daniel Neal, the first furniture at Harvard were the books of Ames, the famous professor of divinity at Franeker.   He was of such profound influence upon the theology of New England that he was quoted more than Luther or Calvin combined.  Jonathan Edwards often began with the thought of the Franeker professor.

     The Marrow of Theology is Ames' most well known work.  Cotton Mather said that if a student of divinity were to have nothing but The Bible and The Marrow, he would be a most able minister.

Quotes and excerpts are taken from the book, "The Marrow of Theology" by William Ames.

 
 Christopher Love

(1618-1651)
That ol' Welsh Preacher
  
 

Biographical Sketch:

     Christopher Love was born in Cardiff, Wales in 1618.  He was converted at the age of 15 and attended New Inn Hall, Oxford, against the wishes of his father, but supported by his minister and mother.  While at Oxford, Love was tutored by Dr. Christopher Rogers, a man with Strong Puritan leanings.

     Love pastored in London after several short stops along the way.  Before he assumed the pastorate of St. Lawrence Jewry in London, Love catechized and taught theology to the children of the sheriff of London.  He married Mary Stone, the daughter of a London merchant, whom he met while they were both employed by Sheriff Warner.  They had five children, two girls who died early in life, and three boys, the last who was born a week after Love's death.  Love, a Presbyterian, obtained ordination in the Church of England after much difficulty.  He would have had it easily in Scotland, but not without leaving England to live in Scotland, which he was loathe to do.

     Because of his political leanings and involvements, he was arrested by Oliver Cromwell's forces for his alleged involvement with a plan to raise money for the restoration of the monarchy, a charge Love denied.  He was arrested along with six other prominent ministers in London (all Presbyterians, the venerable Thomas Watson being the most noted), for treason.  The rest were released after six months; Love was beheaded on Tower Hill, London on August 22, 1651.

     For a  more detailed account of his life, read "A Spectacle unto God: the Life and death of Christopher Love" by Don Kistler, published by Soli Deo Gloria.